Category: Commercial

Cygnus Departs ISS Signalling Successful End of COTS Program

Cygnus Departs ISS Signalling Successful End of COTS Program

International Space Station (ISS) crew members released Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Cygnus cargo spacecraft this morning.  Cygnus is now maneuvering away from the ISS and will reenter tomorrow.  The spacecraft, filled with 3,000 pounds of trash, will burn up in the atmosphere.  That will bring to an end not only this demonstration mission, but NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program as Orbital joins SpaceX in providing operational cargo resupply services.

The COTS program, also called “commercial cargo,” began in 2006.  It is a public-private partnership where NASA and two companies, Orbital and SpaceX, shared the costs of developing space transportation systems to take cargo to the ISS.   The two systems, Orbital’s Antares rocket and Cygnus spacecraft and SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft, are now operational and transitioning into the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. 

NASA contracted with Orbital for eight CRS missions and with SpaceX for 12 CRS missions through 2016.  Orbital’s first CRS mission is scheduled for December 8, just over six weeks from now.   SpaceX already has launched two and the next is scheduled for February 2014.  The fixed price CRS contracts are for $1.9 billion with Orbital, and $1.6 billion with SpaceX.

These two U.S. systems join Russia’s Progress, Japan’s HTV and Europe’s ATV cargo transportation systems as means to take cargo to the ISS, which typically has six people aboard at any time.   Crews rotating on 4-6 month shifts have permanently occupied the ISS since November 2000.  The space shuttle was originally intended to be the main transportation system to take crews and cargo back and forth to ISS throughout its lifetime, but the U.S. decision to terminate the shuttle program after construction was completed meant that other systems were needed for the space station’s operational period, which will last through at least 2020. (NASA is trying to build support for extending that to 2028, which would be 30 years after the first ISS modules were launched.)

Cygnus, HTV, ATV and Progress are designed only for transporting cargo up to ISS; none of them return to Earth.  Only SpaceX’s Dragon makes a round trip.  Crews are ferried to and from ISS on Russian Soyuz spacecraft.   NASA is in the midst of another public-private partnership, the “commercial crew” program, where three companies are competing to build systems to transport crews so that NASA does not need to pay Russia for such services and also to provide redundancy.   SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft is one of the contenders in that program.  It can be outfitted to carry people as well as cargo.  Orbital is not competing in the commercial crew program, however.   The other two commercial crew competitors are Boeing and Sierra Nevada.

The COTS program achieved its technical goal; NASA now has two companies competing to provide cargo resupply services for the ISS on a commercial basis.  Whether the business case will prove out probably will not be known for many years.

 

ISPCS: Constrained Budgets Have Upside — Innovation

ISPCS: Constrained Budgets Have Upside — Innovation

Established and entrepreneurial space companies met last week at the International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight  (ISPCS), where innovation was touted as one solution to budgetary constraints both in industry and the government.

NASA was not represented at the symposium because of the government shutdown, but Gwynne Shotwell, President of SpaceX, expressed the constraints on NASA’s budget by comparing it to how much the nation spends yearly on beer — $18 billion for NASA versus about $100 billion on beer.  Industry faces similar funding challenges, but Jon Gertner, Editor-at-Large of the magazine Fast Company, and others said that has one good side-effect: innovation.

In his keynote address, Gertner used a narrative about the development of the transistor at Bell Labs as a metaphor for how innovations are often under-rated at the beginning:  “Even when we think we understand the value of a breakthrough, we probably don’t.”  During a session entitled “Environments that Foster Innovation,” panelists Cassie Kloberdanz of Sierra Nevada, Makenzie Lystrup of Ball Aerospace, and Chris Boshuizen of Planet Labs discussed various elements of their current and past work environments that led to better innovation.  (Planet Labs is a small start-up that is planning to launch a constellation of 28 earth imaging cubesats and provide free, real-time data about the planet.) They include promoting inclusivity, allowing workers to find their passion and grow into their positions, and modeling the business practices and faster turnaround time after other industries that are experiencing success.

Unexpected breakthroughs like the ones Gertner mentioned are a subset of the “unknown unknowns” that were discussed at ISPCS.  Failures encountered along the way are another.  Safety and reliability are paramount in the commercial and personal spaceflight business, participants emphasized.  There seemed to be consensus that human fatalities would be difficult for the industry if they happened relatively early on.  Alan Ladwig, who recently retired from NASA and founded To Orbit Productions, spoke of the inherent risks of spaceflight in his keynote address, and recommended that the space tourism industry develop a comprehensive contingency plan in case of an accident.  He also wondered aloud why deaths related to spaceflight are perceived so differently from deaths due to automobile accidents or military activities.  Perhaps, he suggested, equating space tourism with more commonplace activities would reduce that disparity.

One area of debate at the symposium was whether space is inherently interesting to the average person.  Some believe it is.  Pat Hynes of the New Mexico Space Grant Consortium mentioned an upcoming reality show where contestants will compete for a ticket to space.  Sean Mahoney from Masten Space Systems said that people are excited about space worldwide: “[space] is our new exploration story.”

Others, however, lamented that the public no longer feels the excitement of the space race era.  Duane Ratliff of the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) and Shotwell remarked that in the 1960s and 1970s, things were different; the public was much more engaged with the space program.  Ratliff noted that in that era, children owned lunchboxes with astronauts on the side. These days, he said, it is harder to generate excitement among the public about the International Space Station, for example, because they cannot see or touch it and therefore it must be made more accessible.   CASIS is a non-profit whose purpose is to find non-NASA users for the ISS.

Although “international” is part of the symposium’s title, there was no obvious international showing in attendees or presenters.  Even in the dialogue, the American focus was evident: Ratliff talked about how decisions on what experiments will fly on the ISS should benefit U.S. citizens; Paul Guthrie of the Tauri Group discussed how innovation contributes to the U.S. economy; and Bob Allen of Innovation, Design, Entertainment, Art and Storytelling (IDEAS) exclaimed at one point that “We [Americans] own space. Like it or not, we do.”  About the only mention of international space activities was by Boeing’s John Elbon, who praised the international partnership that built and operates the International Space Station.

ISPCS 2013 is a familial symposium, and break times certainly hummed with both greetings from friends and acquaintances and networking powwows.   Although many attendees were from large, well-known corporations, there was also a strong showing of emerging small startups, eager to find their niche and make their mark on the field.

It is difficult to say whether the tone would have been different if NASA representatives had been present, but perhaps it is symbolic that even with government shut down, the symposium went on and was a success.The symposium agenda can be found on the ISPCS website and videos of the sessions should be uploaded there soon.

Lori Garver to Headline November Panel on Space Exploration: How and Why

Lori Garver to Headline November Panel on Space Exploration: How and Why

Lori Garver may have left her post as NASA Deputy Administrator to be General Manager of the Air Line Pilots Association, but she clearly is not stepping out of the space limelight.  On November 15, she will headline a discussion at the National Press Club on “Space Exploration: How and Why?”

Garver departed NASA on September 6 after four years as second-in-command at the space agency.   That was her second tour of duty at the agency having served as a top policy advisor to then NASA Administrator Dan Goldin.  Before that she headed the National Space Society and in between her NASA posts was a space industry consultant. 

She is one seven panelists for the Arizona State University meeting, which will be moderated by Jim Bell, President of the Planetary Society.   The session is just 90 minutes (9:00-10:30 am ET) so each person will have only a short time to express his or her views, but it should be interesting. 

Garver is credited with pushing for commercial space activities while she was Deputy Administrator, particularly the commercial crew program, as well as for investments in space technology.  The panelists include three other former NASA officials, but no one who currently works at the agency. 

  • Jim Bell, President, Planetary Society, moderator
  • Lori Garver, former NASA Deputy Administrator
  • Michael Lopez-Alegria, President, Commercial Spaceflight Federation (and former NASA astronaut)
  • Steve Isakowitz, President, Virgin Galactic (and former NASA Comptroller, former NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration, as well as former Department of Energy Chief Financial Officer and former Branch Chief, Science and Space, Office of Management and Budget)
  • Tim Hughes, Senior Vice President and General Counsel, SpaceX
  • Debra Facktor Lepore, Vice President and General Manager, Strategic Operations, Ball Aerospace
  • Laurie Leshin, Dean, School of Science, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (and former NASA Deputy Associate Administrator for Exploration)
  • Ariel Anbar, Professor, School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University

RSVP instructions are on the emailed announcement.

Space Policy Events for the Week of October 20-25, 2013

Space Policy Events for the Week of October 20-25, 2013

The following events may be of interest in the week ahead.  The House will be in session for part of the week; the Senate is in recess.

During the Week

The government is slowly returning to normal after the 16-day shutdown.  The House will be in session beginning Tuesday, while Senators will be back home hearing first hand how voters feel about Washington these days.  

House-Senate budget negotiations that were part of the deal to reopen the government and raise the debt limit are due to begin this week.   Senate Budget Committee chair Patty Murray (D-WA) and House Budget Committee Chair Paul Ryan (R-WI) will lead the discussions to reconcile the starkly different budget resolutions passed by the Senate and House earlier this year.  The Senate Budget Resolution ignored the sequester and set spending for FY2014 at $1.058 trillion.  The House Budget Resolution holds FY2014 spending to $967 billion, $91 billion less than the Senate, and protects defense spending, taking the cuts from elsewhere in the budget.  These disparities are why the House and Senate Appropriations Committees recommended such different funding levels for NASA in their FY2014 Commerce-Justice-Science (CJS) bills.  The House Appropriations bill would give NASA $16.6 billion, while the Senate bill would provide $18.0 billion.  (See SpacePolicyOnline.com’s NASA FY2014 Budget Request fact sheet for more details on what the appropriations — and authorization — committees recommended.)  Murray and Ryan are supposed to complete their negotiations by December 13, presumably allowing for appropriations bills to pass by January 15, the date when the current Continuing Resolution expires.

In other events, NASA Administrator Charlie Bolden will speak to the NRC’s Committee on Human Spaceflight tomorrow (Monday) at 10:00 am ET and Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations Bill Gerstenmaier will update the committee at 2:00 pm ET.  For all the Neil DeGrasse Tyson fans out there, he will speak to the committee Wednesday from 9:00-10:00 am ET on “Delusions of Space Enthusiasts.”   That and other meetings we know about right now are listed below.

Sunday-Friday, October 20-25

Monday-Wednesday, October 21-23

  • NRC Committee on Human Spaceflight, Keck Center, 500 Fifth St., NW, Washington, DC.  Some sessions are closed.  Open sessions are scheduled on:
    • Monday, October 21, 10:00 am – 3:15 pm ET (including talks by Charlie Bolden at 10:00 and Bill Gerstenmaier at 2:00)
    • Wednesday, October 23, 9:00 – 10:00 am ET (Neil DeGrasse Tyson)

Tuesday, October 22

Thursday, October 24

Cygnus Departs ISS on October 22

Cygnus Departs ISS on October 22

Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Cygnus cargo spacecraft will depart from the International Space Station (ISS) on October 22.  That will bring to an end this demonstration mission as part of NASA’s Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program and signal the beginning of Orbital’s operational Commercial Resupply Services (CRS).

Cygnus was launched on September 18 by Orbital’s Antares rocket from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility on the coast of Virginia.  It was berthed to ISS on September 29.  NASA TV will cover the departure of Cygnus from the ISS beginning at 7:00 am Eastern Daylight Time (EDT) on October 22.  Orbital’s first operational CRS mission is scheduled for December. 

SpaceX is the other U.S. company that provides CRS services for the ISS using its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft. 

Cygnus and Dragon are the two U.S. cargo spacecraft for ISS.  Russia, Europe and Japan also provide cargo resupply missions as part of the partnership agreement for ISS.  Europe’s ATV-4 is also currently docked with ISS.   It will depart on October 28 and NASA TV will cover that as well.  ATV-4 departure coverage begins at 4:45 am EDT on October 28.  

Neither Cygnus nor ATV are designed to survive reentry.  Both will be filled with trash by the ISS crew and the spacecraft and trash will disintegrate in the Earth’s atmosphere.

Of all the cargo spacecraft used to resupply ISS, only SpaceX’s Dragon returns to Earth’s surface.  Cygnus, ATV, Japan’s HTV and Russia’s Progress all burn up during reentry.

 

Deal is Done — House Passes Bill to Reopen Government, Raise Debt Ceiling

Deal is Done — House Passes Bill to Reopen Government, Raise Debt Ceiling

The House followed the Senate this evening in passing a bill to reopen the government and raise the debt ceiling. 

The vote in the House on H.R. 2775 as amended was 285-144.  The amended bill, the Continuing Resolution Act, 2014,  now needs only the President’s signature, which he has agreed to do.

The bill funds the government through January 15, 2014 at current levels and raises the debt ceiling until February 7.  It contains a number of other provisions as well, including allowing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to spend its funds so as to protect the launch dates of its new weather satellites.

The Senate passed the bill earlier this evening by a vote of 81-18.   One Republican Senator did not vote.

Correction:  An earlier version of this article incorrectly stated that there is one vacancy in the Senate as an explanation for why there were 99 instead of 100 votes.  However, the discrepancy is because one Republican Senator did not vote.   Cory Booker did win an election in New Jersey tonight to replace the late Senator Frank Lautenberg, as earlier reported, but the Lauternberg seat is currently filled on a temporary basis by Senator Jeff Chiesa, so there is no vacancy.  The Senate vote tally is posted on the Senate website.

Government Shutdown Ends, OMB Tells Furloughed Employees to Return to Work Tomorrow – UPDATE

Government Shutdown Ends, OMB Tells Furloughed Employees to Return to Work Tomorrow – UPDATE

UPDATE, October 17, 2013, 12:37 am ET:   The President has signed the bill into law.

ORIGINAL STORY, October 16, 2013, 11:50 pm ET:  President Obama is expected to sign the bill that reopens the government and raises the debt limit tonight and the White House Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is telling furloughed federal workers to return to work tomorrow morning, Thursday, October 17. 

The FY2014 Continuing Appropriations Act (H.R. 2775 as amended) passed the Senate this evening by a vote of 81-18 and the House by a vote of 285-144.  All no votes were Republican.  All Democrats who cast a vote, voted yes. 

In the Senate, 27 Republicans joined the 52 Democrats and two Independents (who usually vote with Democrats) in voting in favor of the measure.  (One Republican Senator did not vote.)  A tally of the vote is posted on the Senate’s website.

In the House, 187 Republicans joined all 198 Democrats who voted in passing the bill.  (There are three vacancies in the House, and one Republican and two Democrats did not vote).  A tally of the vote is on the House website.

To recap, the bill:

  • funds the government at current funding levels through January 15, 2014, the date when the next phase of the sequester kicks in;
  • raises the debt limit until February 7, 2014;
  • retroactively pays furloughed federal workers;
  • requires income verification for subsidies under the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare); and
  • includes a number of other provisions, including allowing the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to allocate its funding so the launch dates for its new weather satellites — the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-R series — are maintained.

The bipartisan agreement also calls for a conference committee to be appointed to develop a long range budget agreement to reduce the deficit, although that is not included in the legislation.

The bill ends a 16-day partial government shutdown.  Shortly after the House vote, OMB director Sylvia Matthews Burwell issued a statement to federal employees saying “Now that the bill has passed the United States Senate and the House of Representatives, the President plans to sign it tonight and employees should expect to return to work in the morning.  Employees should be checking the news and OPM’s website for further updates.”  OPM is the Office of Personnel Management.

Senate Strikes Deal to Reopen Government, Raise Debt Limit – House Agreement Hopeful

Senate Strikes Deal to Reopen Government, Raise Debt Limit – House Agreement Hopeful

On this 16th day of the partial government shutdown and one day before the Treasury hits the debt limit, Senate leaders reached agreement to resolve the stalemate.  The White House accepts it and there is optimism that House Speaker John Boehner (R-OH) will bring it to the floor of the House for a vote even if a majority of Republicans do not support it.  If he does, the expectation is that it will pass with most Democratic and some Republican votes.

The deal between Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) is similar, but not identical, to the plan they agreed to on Monday and that many House Republican members opposed.   Today’s plan would:

  • fund the government through January 15 at current levels (January 15 is when the next phase of the sequester is supposed to kick in),
  • raise the debt limit until February 7,
  • establish a House-Senate conference committee to negotiate agreement on a longer term budget plan by December 13,
  • require income verification for subsidies under the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare),
  • pay furloughed federal workers retroactively, and
  • provide emergency funding for Colorado to recover from its recent historic flooding.

Other changes to Obamacare proposed in earlier House or Senate versions — such as defunding or delaying it,  repealing or delaying the medical device tax, or delaying a reinsurance tax — were dropped.

At the moment, the plan is for the Senate to vote on the proposal this afternoon.   Senators Ted Cruz (R-TX) and Mike Lee (R-UT), who are viewed as the originators of this budget and debt ceiling standoff with their goal to defund Obamacare, reportedly have indicated that they will not filibuster the measure, allowing it to come to a vote expeditiously.

There is broad optimism that it will pass the Senate and Boehner then will allow a vote in the House even if he does not have a majority of his Republicans on board.  Boehner released a statement this afternoon saying “The House has fought with everything it has to convince the President of the United States to engage in bipartisan negotiations… That fight will continue. But blocking the bipartisan agreement reached today by the members of the Senate will not be a tactic for us.”

Under an informal rule dubbed the Hastert Rule after former House Speaker Dennis Hastert, the House Republican leadership is reluctant to bring a bill to the floor unless there is a “majority of the majority” in favor of it; that is, most of the members of the Republican caucus.   Boehner ignored that rule at the beginning of the year in order to win passage of legislation to avert the “fiscal cliff,” but it is risky politically and he has avoided it so far.  Boehner reiterated yesterday, however, that he strongly believes the government should not default on its debt and the debt limit will be reached tomorrow, adding urgency to resolving the stalemate. 

 

Government Shutdown FY2014: As Clock Ticks Down to Default, Still No Deal

Government Shutdown FY2014: As Clock Ticks Down to Default, Still No Deal

Yesterday’s optimism that today would be the day agreement would be reached to reopen the government and raise the debt limit dissipated as House Republicans tried and failed to come up with a plan that could win enough Republican support to pass that chamber. 

Senate leaders who sounded hopeful last night suspended their discussions awaiting House action, but resumed them this evening when it became apparent the House would not pass anything right now.

The situation remains very fluid.  All that can be said this evening is that the point at which the government no longer will be able to borrow money to pay its bills — the debt limit — is just two days away, the government is about to enter its 16th day in partial shutdown mode, and agreement remains elusive.  House Speaker Boehner reiterated today that he did not want to put the government in the position of defaulting on its debts, which is what will happen if the debt limit is not suspended or raised:  “I have made clear for months and months that the idea of default is wrong and we shouldn’t get anywhere close to it,” he said after meeting with his Republican colleagues.  But here it is just two days away and a deal to raise the limit still is not forthcoming.

As for getting the government back to work, the House has been passing several narrowly written bills to fund specific parts of the government. With only two exceptions — both related to military spending — the Senate has refused to take them up, however.  None would fund NASA or NOAA or any of the government’s science agencies other than the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which is one indication of where those activities fall on the House Republican priority list.

Government Shutdown FY2014: Two Weeks On, Is An End in Sight?

Government Shutdown FY2014: Two Weeks On, Is An End in Sight?

The roller coaster ride continues with more rumors that a deal is near to reopen the government and raise the debt limit, followed by more waiting and uncertainty.

At the end of last week, it appeared as though House Repubicans and the White House were close to agreement, but that fell through Thursday night.   Attention turned to the Senate where it appeared that Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) had come up with a winning strategy, but that fell by the wayside over the weekend.   President Obama was set to meet at 3:00 pm this afternoon with House and Senate Republican and Democratic leaders to figure out next steps, but the meeting was postponed when Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid (D-NV) and Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY) indicated that they were close to agreement and just needed a little more time.

The afternoon wore on without an announcement.  As the Senate was about to adjourn for the day just after 6:00 pm ET, Reid said on the Senate floor that he and McConnell had “made tremendous progress” but “we are not there yet … and everyone just needs to be patient,” adding later that “we’re doing our best to make everybody happy but everyone knows we’re not going to be able to do that.”  McConnell said “we’ve made substantial progress and look forward to making more progress in the near future.”

It is important to bear in mind that even if the Senate reaches agreement, there is no guarantee that the House will go along. 

For what it’s worth, the deal Reid and McConnell are working on reportedly would:  fund the government through January 15 at the FY2013 level of $986 billion; raise the debt limit until early-mid February; set up negotiations that would have to be completed by December 13 on a long term budget agreement; require income verification to qualify for subsidies under the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare); delay for one year a reinsurance tax included in Obamacare; and give agencies more flexibility in making budget cuts required by sequestration.   The next phase of sequestration kicks in on January 15, which is how that date was chosen as the deadline for government funding.